IP CIDR calculator
-
IP Multicast address ranges
All multicast addresses can easily be recognized because they start with the bit pattern “1110”.
224.0.0.0 - 224.0.0.255 Well-known multicast addresses, control channels
224.0.1.0 - 238.255.255.255 Globally-scoped (Internet-wide) multicast addresses
239.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Local multicast addresses
Special and private address ranges
Private address ranges are not routed on the Internet and can be freely allocated in any private network. NAT (network address translation) is required when connecting such a network to the Internet.
Private network addresses (RFC1597/RFC1918 addresses):
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 A 24-bit block, /8, class A network
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 A 20-bit block, /12, set of 16 contiguous class B network numbers
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 A 16-bit block, /16, set of 255 contiguous class C network numbers
Special addresses:
127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 Special address range for the localhost. You can normally not use those addresses for anything else. 127.0.0.1 is generally assigned to the loopback device
0.0.0.0 _Special host address commonly reserved for the default route _
Overview of common subnets and masks
Mask Hosts Usable Netmask Hex Mask /30 4 2 255.255.255.252 fffffffc this is 1/64 of a Class C net /29 8 6 255.255.255.248 fffffff8 this is 1/32 of a Class C net /28 16 14 255.255.255.240 fffffff0 this is 1/16 of a Class C net /27 32 30 255.255.255.224 ffffffe0 this is 1/8 of a Class C net /26 64 62 255.255.255.192 ffffffc0 this is 1/4 of a Class C net /24 256 254 255.255.255.0 ffffff00 this is a Class C net /23 512 510 255.255.254.0 fffffe00 these are 2 Class C net /22 1024 1022 255.255.252.0 fffffc00 these are 4 Class C net /21 2048 2046 255.255.248.0 fffff800 these are 8 Class C net /20 4096 4094 255.255.240.0 fffff000 these are 16 Class C net /19 8192 8190 255.255.224.0 ffffe000 these are 32 Class C net /18 16384 16382 255.255.192.0 ffffc000 these are 64 Class C net /17 32768 32766 255.255.128.0 ffff8000 these are 128 Class C net /16 65536 65534 255.255.0.0 ffff0000 these are 256 Class C net = Class B net
screen and tmux
A comparison of the features (or more-so just a table of notes for accessing some of those features) for GNU screen and BSD-licensed tmux.
|
The formatting here is simple enough to understand (I would hope). ^ means ctrl+, so ^x is ctrl+x. M- means meta (generally left-alt or escape)+, so M-x is left-alt+x It should be noted that this is no where near a full feature-set of either group. This - being a cheat-sheet - is just to point out the most very basic features to get you on the road. Trust the developers and manpage writers more than me. This document is originally from 2009 when tmux was still new - since then both of these programs have had many updates and features added (not all of which have been dutifully noted here). |
||
| Action | tmux | screen |
| start a new session | tmux OR tmux new OR tmux new-session |
screen |
| re-attach a detached session | tmux attach OR tmux attach-session |
screen-r |
| re-attach an attached session (detaching it from elsewhere) | tmux attach -d OR tmux attach-session -d |
screen -dr |
| re-attach an attached session (keeping it attached elsewhere) | tmux attach OR tmux attach-session |
screen -x |
| detach from currently attached session | ^b d OR ^b :detach |
^a ^d OR ^a :detach |
| rename-window to newname | ^b , <newname> OR ^b :rename-window <newn> |
^a A <newname> |
| list windows | ^b w | ^a w |
| list windows in chooseable menu | ^a " | |
| go to window # | ^b # | ^a # |
| go to last-active window | ^b l | ^a ^a |
| go to next window | ^b n | ^a n |
| go to previous window | ^b p | ^a p |
| see keybindings | ^b ? | ^a ? |
| list sessions | ^b s OR tmux ls OR tmux list-sessions |
screen -ls |
| toggle visual bell | ^a ^g | |
| create another window | ^b c | ^a c |
| exit current shell/window | ^d | ^d |
| split window/pane horizontally | ^b " | ^a S |
| split window/pane vertically | ^b % | ^a | |
| switch to other pane | ^b o | ^a <tab> |
| kill the current pane | ^b x OR (logout/^D) | |
| collapse the current pane/split (but leave processes running) | ^a X | |
| cycle location of panes | ^b ^o | |
| swap current pane with previous | ^b { | |
| swap current pane with next | ^b } | |
| show time | ^b t | |
| show numeric values of panes | ^b q | |
| toggle zoom-state of current pane (maximize/return current pane) | ^b z | |
| break the current pane out of its window (to form new window) | ^b ! | |
| re-arrange current panels within same window (different layouts) | ^b [space] | |
| Kill the current window (and all panes within) | ^b killw [target-window] | |
-
IP Multicast address rangesAll multicast addresses can easily be recognized because they start with the bit pattern “1110”.
224.0.0.0 - 224.0.0.255 Well-known multicast addresses, control channels
224.0.1.0 - 238.255.255.255 Globally-scoped (Internet-wide) multicast addresses
239.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Local multicast addresses
Special and private address rangesPrivate address ranges are not routed on the Internet and can be freely allocated in any private network. NAT (network address translation) is required when connecting such a network to the Internet.
Private network addresses (RFC1597/RFC1918 addresses):
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 A 24-bit block, /8, class A network
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 A 20-bit block, /12, set of 16 contiguous class B network numbers
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 A 16-bit block, /16, set of 255 contiguous class C network numbers
Special addresses:
127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 Special address range for the localhost. You can normally not use those addresses for anything else. 127.0.0.1 is generally assigned to the loopback device
0.0.0.0 _Special host address commonly reserved for the default route _
Overview of common subnets and masks Mask Hosts Usable Netmask Hex Mask /30 4 2 255.255.255.252 fffffffc this is 1/64 of a Class C net /29 8 6 255.255.255.248 fffffff8 this is 1/32 of a Class C net /28 16 14 255.255.255.240 fffffff0 this is 1/16 of a Class C net /27 32 30 255.255.255.224 ffffffe0 this is 1/8 of a Class C net /26 64 62 255.255.255.192 ffffffc0 this is 1/4 of a Class C net /24 256 254 255.255.255.0 ffffff00 this is a Class C net /23 512 510 255.255.254.0 fffffe00 these are 2 Class C net /22 1024 1022 255.255.252.0 fffffc00 these are 4 Class C net /21 2048 2046 255.255.248.0 fffff800 these are 8 Class C net /20 4096 4094 255.255.240.0 fffff000 these are 16 Class C net /19 8192 8190 255.255.224.0 ffffe000 these are 32 Class C net /18 16384 16382 255.255.192.0 ffffc000 these are 64 Class C net /17 32768 32766 255.255.128.0 ffff8000 these are 128 Class C net /16 65536 65534 255.255.0.0 ffff0000 these are 256 Class C net = Class B net -
Subnetting
Subnetting is used to split one network into several smaller networks.
To reproduce the network ID of an existing network id, where the host ID sacrificed in part for use in making additional ID
Remember the formula to find a lot of subnets is 2 n - 2
N = number of bits that are shrouded inAnd the formula to find the number of hosts per subnet is 2 m - 2
M = number of bits that have not been shrouded inExamples of cases with the settlement:
Ip address 130.200.0.0 with a subnet mask of 255.255.224.0 identified as class B.
Subnet mask: 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
3 bits of the octet to 3 have been used, residu 5 bits that have not been shrouded in so many groups of subnets that can be used is a multiple of 2 5 =32 (256-224 = 32)
32 64 96 128 160 192 224So the IP group which can be used :
130.200.0.0 - 130.200.31.254 loopback subnet
NETMASK / SubnetMask
130.200.32.1 - 130.200.63.254
130.200.64.1 - 130.200.95.254
130.200.96.1 - 130 200 127 254
130.200.128.1 - 130 200 159 254
130.200.160.1 - 130 200 191 254
130.200.192.1 - 130 200 223 254For the grouping of addressing, in addition to the IP number or netmask is also known subnetmask. Equal to the IP number is 32 bits. There are three major groupings with a subnet mask is known, ie 255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0 and255.0.0.0.
In the networking world, subnetmask were grouped called the class knownthree classes namely:
1. Class A, is all the IP numbers that have subnetmask 255.0.0.0
2. Class B, are all numbers that have the IP 255.255.0.0 Subnet mask
3. Class C, is all the IP numbers that have a 255.255.255.0 Subnet maskThe combination of IP and Netmask is addressing computer use. Both of these can not escape. So the writing is usually as follows:
IP: 202.95.151.129
Netmask: 255.255.255.0An IP number with the IP number of our neighbors is considered one group (a network) when the IP and Netmask we converted to binary and “AND” , as well as neighbors and Netmask IP number is converted to binary and “AND”, if both results were the same then a single network. And we can relate directly.
GATEWAY / ROUTERGateways are computers that have at least 2 pieces of network interface for connecting 2 pieces of tissue or more. On the Internet addresses can be reached via a gateway-gateway which provide a path / route in the direction which must be passed so that the data packet to its destination. Most gateways running a routing daemon (a program that dynamically updating routing tables).Because it is also usually serves as a gateway router. Gateway / router can be shaped like a router box is in production Cisco, 3COM, etc. or it could be a computer running Network Operating System plus the routing daemon. Suppose the PC installed and running FreeBSD Unix program Routed or Gated. But in NATD usage, routing daemons do not need to run, so just installed the gateway only.
Because the gateway / router set up the traffic data packets between networks, then it can be fitted with a mechanism or a security restriction (filtering) the data packets. This mechanism is called a Firewall.
In fact firewall is a program that runs on the gateway / router that is in charge of checking every data packet that passes then compare it with the rule is applied and finally decide whether the packet should be forwarded or rejected. The purpose is essentially as a security that protects internal networks from external threats. But in this paper Firewalls are used as the basis for running the Network Address Translation (NAT).
In FreeBSD, the program is run as a firewall is ipfw. Before you can run the ipfw, GENERIC kernel should be modified in order to support the functions of a firewall. Ipfw set of traffic data packets based on IP of origin, destination IP, port number and protocol type. To run NAT, IP DIVERT option must be enabled in the kernel.
Divert (kernel packet diversion mechanism)
Divert socket is the same with ordinary IP sockets, except that the divert socket can bind to specific divert port via the bind system call. IP address in the bind is not considered, only the port number are noted. A socket is bind divert to divert port will receive all packets on the port diversion by the mechanism in the kernel that is run by the implementation of filtering and ipfw program.
BROADCASTThis address is used to send / receive information that should be known by all hosts on a network. As is known, each packet has a header destination address of the IP address of hosts that will be addressed by the package. With this address, only the destination host to process the package, while others will host it. What if a host wants to send a packet to all hosts in the network ?Inefficient if he should make a number of host replication purposes. Bandwidth usage / pathway will increase the workload and the host increases, the contents of the packages is the same. Therefore, created the concept of broadcast address. Host simply send to the broadcast address, all hosts in the network will receive the packet. Consequently, all hosted on the same network must have the same broadcast address and the address should not be used as and IP number for a particular host.
So, actually, each host has two addresses to receive the packet: the first is the IP number which is unique and the second is the broadcast address on the network where the host is located. Broadcast address is making all the host bits in the IP number to 1. So, for a host or IP address 167.205.9.35167.205.240.2, broadcast addresses is 167205255255 (2 last segment of the IP Address 11111111.11111111 are valuable, so it is unreadable 255 255decimal). The type of information is usually broadcast routing information.
