First locate the correct drive:
camcontrol devlist
Output:
<ST3500418AS CC35> at scbus3 target 0 lun 0 (pass0,ada0)
<ST500DM002-1BD142 KC45> at scbus5 target 0 lun 0 (pass1,ada1)
<AHCI SGPIO Enclosure 1.00 0001> at scbus9 target 0 lun 0 (ses0,pass2)
<PNY USB 2.0 FD 1100> at scbus10 target 0 lun 0 (da0,pass3)
The first two are Seagate mechanical drives; the third is a fake or physical data plane; and the fourth is the USB drive
We can use the usbconfig list command as well, however this will list all USB devices
usbconfig list
Output:
ugen7.1: <Intel EHCI root HUB> at usbus7, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=HIGH (480Mbps) pwr=SAVE (0mA)
ugen3.1: <Intel EHCI root HUB> at usbus3, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=HIGH (480Mbps) pwr=SAVE (0mA)
ugen6.1: <Intel UHCI root HUB> at usbus6, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=FULL (12Mbps) pwr=SAVE (0mA)
ugen0.1: <Intel UHCI root HUB> at usbus0, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=FULL (12Mbps) pwr=SAVE (0mA)
ugen4.1: <Intel UHCI root HUB> at usbus4, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=FULL (12Mbps) pwr=SAVE (0mA)
ugen1.1: <Intel UHCI root HUB> at usbus1, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=FULL (12Mbps) pwr=SAVE (0mA)
ugen5.1: <Intel UHCI root HUB> at usbus5, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=FULL (12Mbps) pwr=SAVE (0mA)
ugen2.1: <Intel UHCI root HUB> at usbus2, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=FULL (12Mbps) pwr=SAVE (0mA)
ugen3.2: <vendor 0x05e3 USB2.0 Hub> at usbus3, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=HIGH (480Mbps) pwr=SAVE (100mA)
ugen3.3: <vendor 0x04d9 USB Keyboard + 3P HUB> at usbus3, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=LOW (1.5Mbps) pwr=ON (50mA)
ugen3.4: <vendor 0x0409 product 0x005a> at usbus3, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=HIGH (480Mbps) pwr=SAVE (100mA)
ugen3.5: <Hewlett-Packard HP Color LaserJet 3800> at usbus3, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=HIGH (480Mbps) pwr=ON (0mA)
ugen3.6: <vendor 0x04a7 product 0x047a> at usbus3, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=HIGH (480Mbps) pwr=ON (98mA)
ugen3.7: <vendor 0x0409 product 0x005a> at usbus3, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=HIGH (480Mbps) pwr=SAVE (100mA)
ugen2.2: <Microsoft Microsoft Trackball Explorer> at usbus2, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=LOW (1.5Mbps) pwr=ON (100mA)
ugen3.8: <PNY Technologies USB 2.0 FD> at usbus3, cfg=0 md=HOST spd=HIGH (480Mbps) pwr=ON (200mA)
We’ll format the USB named da0 msdos: using the newfs command
newfs_msdos /dev/da0
Output:
newfs_msdos: trim 48 sectors to adjust to a multiple of 63
/dev/da0: 31154624 sectors in 486791 FAT32 clusters (32768 bytes/cluster)
BytesPerSec=512 SecPerClust=64 ResSectors=32 FATs=2 Media=0xf0 SecPerTrack=63 Heads=255 HiddenSecs=0 HugeSectors=31162320 FATsecs=3804 RootCluster=2 FSInfo=1 Backup=2
Fin!
Here is the Freebsd manpage for the newfs command:
NEWFS(8) FreeBSD System Manager's Manual NEWFS(8)
NAME
newfs -- construct a new UFS1/UFS2 file system
SYNOPSIS
newfs [-EJNUjlnt] [-L volname] [-O filesystem-type] [-S sector-size]
[-T disktype] [-a maxcontig] [-b block-size]
[-c blocks-per-cylinder-group] [-d max-extent-size] [-e maxbpg]
[-f frag-size] [-g avgfilesize] [-h avgfpdir] [-i bytes]
[-k held-for-metadata-blocks] [-m free-space] [-o optimization]
[-p partition] [-r reserved] [-s size] special
DESCRIPTION
The newfs utility is used to initialize and clear file systems before
first use. The newfs utility builds a file system on the specified spe-
cial file. (We often refer to the ``special file'' as the ``disk'',
although the special file need not be a physical disk. In fact, it need
not even be special.) Typically the defaults are reasonable, however
newfs has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively over-
ridden.
The following options define the general layout policies:
-E Erase the content of the disk before making the filesystem. The
reserved area in front of the superblock (for bootcode) will not
be erased.
This option is only relevant for flash based storage devices that
use wear-leveling algorithms.
Erasing may take a long time as it writes to every sector on the
disk.
-J Enable journaling on the new file system via gjournal. See
gjournal(8) for details.
-L volname
Add a volume label to the new file system.
-N Cause the file system parameters to be printed out without really
creating the file system.
-O filesystem-type
Use 1 to specify that a UFS1 format file system be built; use 2
to specify that a UFS2 format file system be built. The default
format is UFS2.
-T disktype
For backward compatibility.
-U Enable soft updates on the new file system.
-a maxcontig
Specify the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will be laid
out before forcing a rotational delay. The default value is 16.
See tunefs(8) for more details on how to set this option.
-b block-size
The block size of the file system, in bytes. It must be a power
of 2. The default size is 32768 bytes, and the smallest allow-
able size is 4096 bytes. The optimal block:fragment ratio is
8:1. Other ratios are possible, but are not recommended, and may
produce poor results.
-c blocks-per-cylinder-group
The number of blocks per cylinder group in a file system. The
default is to compute the maximum allowed by the other parame-
ters. This value is dependent on a number of other parameters,
in particular the block size and the number of bytes per inode.
-d max-extent-size
The file system may choose to store large files using extents.
This parameter specifies the largest extent size that may be
used. The default value is the file system blocksize. It is
presently limited to a maximum value of 16 times the file system
blocksize and a minimum value of the file system blocksize.
-e maxbpg
Indicate the maximum number of blocks any single file can allo-
cate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin allo-
cating blocks from another cylinder group. The default is about
one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group. See
tunefs(8) for more details on how to set this option.
-f frag-size
The fragment size of the file system in bytes. It must be a
power of two ranging in value between blocksize/8 and blocksize.
The default is 4096 bytes.
-g avgfilesize
The expected average file size for the file system.
-h avgfpdir
The expected average number of files per directory on the file
system.
-i bytes
Specify the density of inodes in the file system. The default is
to create an inode for every (2 * frag-size) bytes of data space.
If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used; to
create more inodes a smaller number should be given. One inode
is required for each distinct file, so this value effectively
specifies the average file size on the file system.
-j Enable soft updates journaling on the new file system. This flag
is implemented by running the tunefs(8) utility found in the
user's $PATH.
-k held-for-metadata-blocks
Set the amount of space to be held for metadata blocks in each
cylinder group. When set, the file system preference routines
will try to save the specified amount of space immediately fol-
lowing the inode blocks in each cylinder group for use by meta-
data blocks. Clustering the metadata blocks speeds up random
file access and decreases the running time of fsck(8). By
default newfs sets it to half of the space reserved to minfree.
-l Enable multilabel MAC on the new file system.
-m free-space
The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum
free space threshold. The default value used is defined by
MINFREE from <ufs/ffs/fs.h>, currently 8%. See tunefs(8) for
more details on how to set this option.
-n Do not create a .snap directory on the new file system. The
resulting file system will not support snapshot generation, so
dump(8) in live mode and background fsck(8) will not function
properly. The traditional fsck(8) and offline dump(8) will work
on the file system. This option is intended primarily for memory
or vnode-backed file systems that do not require dump(8) or
fsck(8) support.
-o optimization
(space or time). The file system can either be instructed to try
to minimize the time spent allocating blocks, or to try to mini-
mize the space fragmentation on the disk. If the value of min-
free (see above) is less than 8%, the default is to optimize for
space; if the value of minfree is greater than or equal to 8%,
the default is to optimize for time. See tunefs(8) for more
details on how to set this option.
-p partition
The partition name (a..h) you want to use in case the underlying
image is a file, so you do not have access to individual parti-
tions through the filesystem. Can also be used with a device,
e.g., newfs -p f /dev/da1s3 is equivalent to newfs /dev/da1s3f.
-r reserved
The size, in sectors, of reserved space at the end of the parti-
tion specified in special. This space will not be occupied by
the file system; it can be used by other consumers such as
geom(4). Defaults to 0.
-s size
The size of the file system in sectors. This value defaults to
the size of the raw partition specified in special less the
reserved space at its end (see -r). A size of 0 can also be used
to choose the default value. A valid size value cannot be larger
than the default one, which means that the file system cannot
extend into the reserved space.
-t Turn on the TRIM enable flag. If enabled, and if the underlying
device supports the BIO_DELETE command, the file system will send
a delete request to the underlying device for each freed block.
The trim enable flag is typically set when the underlying device
uses flash-memory as the device can use the delete command to
pre-zero or at least avoid copying blocks that have been deleted.
The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry.
Their default values are taken from the disk label. Changing these
defaults is useful only when using newfs to build a file system whose raw
image will eventually be used on a different type of disk than the one on
which it is initially created (for example on a write-once disk). Note
that changing any of these values from their defaults will make it impos-
sible for fsck(8) to find the alternate superblocks if the standard
superblock is lost.
-S sector-size
The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512).
EXAMPLES
newfs /dev/ada3s1a
Creates a new ufs file system on ada3s1a. The newfs utility will use a
block size of 32768 bytes, a fragment size of 4096 bytes and the largest
possible number of blocks per cylinders group. These values tend to pro-
duce better performance for most applications than the historical
defaults (8192 byte block size and 1024 byte fragment size). This large
fragment size may lead to much wasted space on file systems that contain
many small files.
SEE ALSO
fdformat(1), geom(4), disktab(5), fs(5), camcontrol(8), dump(8),
dumpfs(8), fsck(8), gpart(8), gjournal(8), growfs(8), gvinum(8),
makefs(8), mount(8), tunefs(8)
M. McKusick, W. Joy, S. Leffler, and R. Fabry, "A Fast File System for
UNIX", ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2, 3, pp 181-197, August
1984, (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual).
Print command name running on port
sudo lsof -iTCP -sTCP:LISTEN -n -P | awk 'NR>1 {print $9, $1, $2}' | sed 's/.*://' | while read port process pid; do echo "Port $port: $(ps -p $pid -o command= | sed 's/^-//') (PID: $pid)"; done | sort -nLocate devices:
camcontrol devlistOutput; in this case only:
<ST3500418AS CC35> at scbus3 target 0 lun 0 (pass0,ada0) <ST500DM002-1BD142 KC45> at scbus5 target 0 lun 0 (pass1,ada1) <AHCI SGPIO Enclosure 1.00 0001> at scbus9 target 0 lun 0 (ses0,pass2) <Generic STORAGE DEVICE 1532> at scbus10 target 0 lun 0 (da0,pass3) <Generic STORAGE DEVICE 1532> at scbus10 target 0 lun 1 (da1,pass4)Where ada0 and ada1 are mechanical drives, da0 is a miniSD card in a USB enclosure da1
Or to print all partitions:
gpart showOutput (after formatting USB device):
=> 63 976773105 ada0 MBR (466G) 63 1 - free - (512B) 64 976773096 1 freebsd [active] (466G) 976773160 8 - free - (4.0K) => 0 976773096 ada0s1 BSD (466G) 0 4194304 1 freebsd-zfs (2.0G) 4194304 4194304 2 freebsd-swap (2.0G) 8388608 968384480 4 freebsd-zfs (462G) 976773088 8 - free - (4.0K) => 63 976773105 ada1 MBR (466G) 63 1 - free - (512B) 64 976773096 1 freebsd [active] (466G) 976773160 8 - free - (4.0K) => 0 976773096 ada1s1 BSD (466G) 0 4194304 1 freebsd-zfs (2.0G) 4194304 4194304 2 freebsd-swap (2.0G) 8388608 968384480 4 freebsd-zfs (462G) 976773088 8 - free - (4.0K) => 32 2012128 da0 MBR (983M) 32 2012128 1 fat32 (982M)List partitions on dev da0:
gpart show da0Delete existing partitions:
gpart delete -i da0Destroy label:
gpart destroy da0Create new mbr spanning entire disk:
gpart create -s mbr da0Create new fat32 partition spanning entire disk:
gpart add -t fat32 da0Initialize fat32 file system:
newfs_msdos -F32 /dev/da0s1Lets break something!
Don’t do any of this unless you are prepared to break it all, or better yet, you read the man pages and find out what they actually do, very useful tools however.
I’m just making notes from other notes, various resources on the net.
gpart destroy -F da0Zero out the drive === !!!Don’t do this jazz regularly on any USB!!! The type of memory has a finite read/write number===
dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/da0 bs=2m count=1Format the drive
newfs_msdos -F32 /dev/da0s1Alternatively or in addition to the above to install bhyve:
pkg install vm-bhyve bhyve-firmware bhyve-rc-3 grub2-bhyveOutput:
To ensure binaries built with this toolchain find appropriate versions of the necessary run-time libraries, you may want to link using
-Wl,-rpath=/usr/local/lib/gcc48
For ports leveraging USE_GCC, USES=compiler, or USES=fortran this happens transparently.
===> NOTICE:
This port is deprecated; you may wish to reconsider installing it:
Unsupported by upstream. Use GCC 6 or newer instead… Message from vm-bhyve-1.1.8_1:
To enable vm-bhyve, please add the following lines to /etc/rc.conf, depending on whether you are using ZFS storage or not. Please note that the directory or dataset specified should already exist.
vm_enable="YES" vm_dir="zfs:pool/dataset"OR
vm_enable="YES" vm_dir="/directory/path"Then run :
vm initIf upgrading from 1.0 or earlier, please note that the ‘guest’ configuration option is no longer used.
Guests that are not using UEFI boot will need either loader=“grub” or loader=“bhyveload” in their configuration in order to make sure the correct loader is used.
Message from bhyve-rc-3:
Configuration is done completely though rc.conf. The rc script won’t touch any devices for you (neither disk, nor tap) so you need to make sure all of those have been initialized properly.
General setup:
kldload vmm net.link.tap.up_on_open=1Make it persistent:
echo "net.link.tap.up_on_open=1" >> /etc/sysctl.conf cat >> /boot/loader.conf << EOF vmm_load="YES" EOFMinimal example:
cat >> /etc/rc.conf << EOF cloned_interfaces="tap0 bridge0" bhyve_enable="YES" bhyve_diskdev="/dev/zvol/anything/bhyve/virt" EOF ifconfig tap0 create ifconfig bridge0 create service bhyve start tmux list-sessions tmux attach -t bhyve service bhyve status service bhyve stopMulti profile configuration example:
cat >> /etc/rc.conf << EOF cloned_interfaces="tap0 tap1 bridge0" bhyve_enable="YES" bhyve_profiles="virt1 virt2" bhyve_virt1_diskdev="/dev/zvol/anything/bhyve/virt1" bhyve_virt2_tapdev="tap1" bhyve_virt2_diskdev="/dev/zvol/anything/bhyve/virt2" bhyve_virt2_memsize="8192" bhyve_virt2_ncpu="4" EOF ifconfig tap0 create ifconfig tap1 create ifconfig bridge0 create service bhyve start # start all service bhyve start virt2 # start individual tmux attach -t bhyve_virt1 tmux attach -t bhyve_virt1 service bhyve stop virt2 # stop individual service bhyve stop # stop all(by default ctrl-b d detaches from tmux).
If attempting to install FreeBSD on a disk which previously belongs to a ZFS, and you get this error: Before installing, select the option ‘shell’
Once in the shell, remove geom protections by running:
sysctl kern.geom.debugflags=0x10When your finished, type exit and return to the install / configure screen.
Which means geom is protecting the disk.
Running the following clears the protection:
sysctl kern.geom.debugflags=0x10Output:
kern.geom.debugflags: 0 -> 16Clearing MBR and partitions:
dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ada0 bs=512 count=1 conv=notrunc