Burn ISO to cd/DVD/BD linux command line
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There are still those times when {place whatever issue or project here} will require burning optical media, even a CD if you enjoy toying around with older, even ancient hardware.
That said there are many GUI programs which can accomplish this. However that’s not always viable, or desired. Especially when you care more about the command line and keeping your brain from going sedentary, by constantly clicking a button and having something done for you. /snarky
In this instance I’ll burn an ISO image of hdat2 to a cd from the command line using wodim on Debian.
Install wodim:
sudo apt-get install wodim
Burn ISO to a cd:
Find the drive name in which you will use to write the image: You can have a quick look at how to burn an ISO to USB which contains the same basic procedure for locating storage devices locally. Or continue on.
Locate the device which you intend to use to burn by using the command:
lsblkIn this case the output is as follows:
rick@deb:~$ lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 465.8G 0 disk └─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume0 254:0 0 931.5G 0 dmraid ├─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume01 254:1 0 893.8G 0 dmraid / └─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume05 254:2 0 37.7G 0 dmraid sdb 8:16 0 465.8G 0 disk └─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume0 254:0 0 931.5G 0 dmraid ├─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume01 254:1 0 893.8G 0 dmraid / └─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume05 254:2 0 37.7G 0 dmraid sdc 8:32 0 2T 0 diskThis shows two disks (sda & sdb) in raid form, as well as the optical device we will use (SDC)
Next, Navigate to the directory of the ISO (not required but simplifies the command) many times in the downloads directory.
Now we are ready to burn the ISO to cd.
Type the following in command line:
wodim -v dev=/dev/sr0 -eject -sao hdat2cd_51.isoHere is the output after hitting return:
TOC Type: 1 = CD-ROM scsidev: '/dev/sr0' devname: '/dev/sr0' scsibus: -2 target: -2 lun: -2 Linux sg driver version: 3.5.27 Wodim version: 1.1.11 SCSI buffer size: 64512 Device type : Removable CD-ROM Version : 0 Response Format: 3 Capabilities : Vendor_info : 'ATAPI ' Identification : 'iHAS324 A ' Revision : 'BL1A' Device seems to be: Generic mmc2 DVD-R/DVD-RW. Current: 0x000A (CD-RW) Profile: 0x002B (DVD+R/DL) Profile: 0x001B (DVD+R) Profile: 0x001A (DVD+RW) Profile: 0x0016 (DVD-R/DL layer jump recording) Profile: 0x0015 (DVD-R/DL sequential recording) Profile: 0x0014 (DVD-RW sequential recording) Profile: 0x0013 (DVD-RW restricted overwrite) Profile: 0x0012 (DVD-RAM) Profile: 0x0011 (DVD-R sequential recording) Profile: 0x0010 (DVD-ROM) Profile: 0x000A (CD-RW) (current) Profile: 0x0009 (CD-R) Profile: 0x0008 (CD-ROM) Profile: 0x0002 (Removable disk) Using generic SCSI-3/mmc CD-R/CD-RW driver (mmc_cdr). Driver flags : MMC-3 SWABAUDIO BURNFREE FORCESPEED Supported modes: TAO PACKET SAO SAO/R96P SAO/R96R RAW/R16 RAW/R96P RAW/R96R Drive buf size : 1275648 = 1245 KB Beginning DMA speed test. Set CDR_NODMATEST environment variable if device communication breaks or freezes immediately after that. FIFO size : 12582912 = 12288 KB Track 01: data 13 MB Total size: 15 MB (01:34.97) = 7123 sectors Lout start: 16 MB (01:36/73) = 7123 sectors Current Secsize: 2048 ATIP info from disk: Indicated writing power: 3 Reference speed: 6 Is not unrestricted Is erasable Disk sub type: High speed Rewritable (CAV) media (1) ATIP start of lead in: -11745 (97:25/30) ATIP start of lead out: 359848 (79:59/73) 1T speed low: 4 1T speed high: 10 2T speed low: 4 2T speed high: 0 (reserved val 6) power mult factor: 1 5 recommended erase/write power: 5 A1 values: 24 1A D8 A2 values: 26 B2 4A Disk type: Phase change Manuf. index: 40 Manufacturer: INFODISC Technology Co., Ltd. Blocks total: 359848 Blocks current: 359848 Blocks remaining: 352725 Forcespeed is OFF. Speed set to 1765 KB/s Starting to write CD/DVD at speed 10.0 in real SAO mode for single session. Last chance to quit, starting real write in 0 seconds. Operation starts. Waiting for reader process to fill input buffer ... input buffer ready. Performing OPC... Sending CUE sheet... Writing pregap for track 1 at -150 Starting new track at sector: 0 Track 01: 13 of 13 MB written (fifo 100%) [buf 100%] 10.6x. Track 01: Total bytes read/written: 14587904/14587904 (7123 sectors). Writing time: 27.528s Average write speed 3.9x. Min drive buffer fill was 100% Fixating... Fixating time: 17.593s BURN-Free was never needed. wodim: fifo had 230 puts and 230 gets. wodim: fifo was 0 times empty and 30 times full, min fill was 96%.As you can see, the -v flag (verbose) allows us to get a bit more data as the process is happening. Of course this particular image was only ~15MB, so the time was very short, larger images will of course take much longer.
The burner door will open when the process is complete.
To burn a DVD via command line : We’ll use a script called growisofs:
sudo apt-get install growisofsFollow the same procedure to locate the proper device using the command:
lsblkMove to the directory the ISO is located, and type:
growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/sr0=hdat2cd_51.isoFin
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Create a shell script that will dump the Redis database
cd ~ mkdir redi-backups-script cd redis-backups-script nano redis_backups-script.shPaste the script below:
#!/bin/bash rdb_file="/Place-directory-of-rdb-here/redis/dump.rdb" redis_cli="/usr/bin/redis-cli" DIR=`date +%d-%m-%y` DEST=~/redis_backups/$DIR mkdir $DEST echo save| $redis_cli exit 1Set script to executable:
chmod +x ~/scripts/redis_backups-script.shCreate a cron to run daily:
Then create a cron job to run the script every day at midnight:
crontab -e 0 0 * * * ~/redis-backups-script/redis_backup.shRestore RDB backup
Disable Append Only in the config:
nano /etc/redis/redis.conf appendonly noStop redis:
sudo service redis-server stopRestore the redis backup:
rename the rdb file you wish sudo cp /home/redis/dump.rdb /home/redis/dump.rdb.bak
You can then copy the backup rdb file as follows:
sudo cp /redis_backups/------/dump.rdb /home/redis/dump.rdbApply the proper permissions to the dump.rdb file:
sudo chmod 660 /home/redis/dump.rdbRe-starting Redis server
sudo service redis-server start
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Install Zabbix 7.2 repo
wget https://repo.zabbix.com/zabbix/7.2/release/debian/pool/main/z/zabbix-release/zabbix-release_latest_7.2+debian12_all.deb
dpkg -i zabbix-release_latest_7.2+debian12_all.deb
Update repos
apt update
Install Zabbix server and frontend
apt install zabbix-server-mysql zabbix-frontend-php zabbix-nginx-conf zabbix-sql-scripts zabbix-agent2
Install plugins
apt install zabbix-agent2-plugin-mongodb zabbix-agent2-plugin-mssql zabbix-agent2-plugin-postgresql
Install mysql
wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql-apt-config_0.8.30-1_all.deb
sudo dpkg -i mysql-apt-config_0.8.30-1_all.deb
Error on this new install, where lsb-release is not installed
apt-get install lsb-release
Try again…
dpkg -i mysql-apt-config_0.8.30-1_all.debError, gnupg not installed
apt install gnupg2
Give it another go…
dpkg -i mysql-apt-config_0.8.30-1_all.deb
I had to list upgradable packages :
apt-list --upgradableWhich spit out : mysql-common/unknown 8.4.4-1debian12 all [upgradable from: 5.8+1.1.0]
Then installed mysql-common
apt-get install mysql-common
Had to uninstall Mariadb to resolve these conflicts
apt remove mariadb-client-coreThen install mysql-server:
apt install mysql-server
Enter your password, twice
Now enter mysql by typing :
mysql -u root -p
Enter the following command individually Where ‘password’ is where you type in your actual own password
mysql> create database zabbix character set utf8mb4 collate utf8mb4_bin; mysql> create user zabbix@localhost identified by 'password'; mysql> grant all privileges on zabbix.* to zabbix@localhost; mysql> set global log_bin_trust_function_creators = 1; mysql> quit;Populate the database with zabbix script
zcat /usr/share/zabbix/sql-scripts/mysql/server.sql.gz | mysql --default-character-set=utf8mb4 -uzabbix -p zabbix mysql --u root -p set global log_bin_trust_function_creators = 0; quit;Edit file /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf You can use nano
nano /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.confUncomment the DBPassword section, and type your password
Then hold ctrl and tap x, it will ask if you want to save changes.
Enable services:
systemctl enable zabbix-server zabbix-agent2 nginx php8.2-fpm systemctl restart zabbix-server zabbix-agent2 nginx php8.2-fpmCheck that zabbix service has started
journalctl -xeu zabbix-server.service
Delete the 'default site in nginx
sudo rm -rf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/defaultMake sure the symbolic link to the zabbix nginx file is present
ln -s /etc/zabbix/nginx.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/zabbix.confCheck that the zabbix nginx file is in the includes in nginx config
nano /etc/nginx/nginx.confLook for :
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*Now restart nginx
systemctl restart nginxHit the browser and type in the IP (or URL that you may have put in the zabbix nginx config file)
Make sure to configure locales
sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales
Reboot the system
sudo shutdown -r now
Add your database password
Add a server name
The default username is Admin, and the password is zabbix
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Unable to negotiate with 10.10.1.35 port 22: no matching host key type found. Their offer: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss
While attempting ssh this error is generally due to mismatched versions of ssh, where an up to date version is attempting to access an older version
Add the following to your command :
The proper way:
ssh -o KexAlgorithms=diffie-hellman-group14-sha1 -oHostKeyAlgorithms=+ssh-dss 10.10.1.35The cheap way:
Example :
ssh -oHostKeyAlgorithms=+ssh-dss 10.10.1.35or ssh -oHostKeyAlgorithms=+ssh-dss user@10.10.1.35
This can be added to the ~/.ssh/config file
Host my-server HostName 10.10.1.35 HostKeyAlgorithms=+ssh-dss